<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461</id><updated>2011-10-07T06:58:26.846-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ISLAM AND MATHEMATICS</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>25</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-320107940542998262</id><published>2009-11-05T02:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T02:17:40.257-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Islam's Contributions to Civilization: Mathematics</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I've been very disheartened to hear people, both here and elsewhere, regard the Islamic world as if it were a barbarous place devoid of any redeeming value. To go some ways toward showing just how false that view is I thought I might start writing a series of diaries on the many great advances that the world owes to these "cave dwelling barbarians."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is fitting in a way to start the series with mathematics because math is not an end unto itself but rather a means by which to accomplish so much else. It is the base of science and economics which means it is the foundation on which US society was built.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;So how has Islam contributed to mathematics? First let me say that I am not literally here talking of Islam the religion. Rather I am speaking of the region and cultures which either preceeded and led up to, or postdated and developed within the area where Islam grew to power. This essentially means the arabs and persians in the time period shortly before Muhammed to current day. For example the earliest mathematical texts yet found came from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India but at ~1300BC these too far predate Islam for us to tie them directly to the &lt;i&gt;culture&lt;/i&gt; (as opposed to religion) of Islam.  For Islam's contributions we have to look much later.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Roman Numerals&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Roman notation of numbers (I, II, III, IV, V, VI...) was used in Europe commonly into the 1400s. This system originally developed from simple tally sticks. The system worked (clumsily) for basic addition but was difficult for anything more complicated. The reasons for this are varied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In the case of fractions a new symbol was used for each fractional value. This meant that only a very few commonly used fractions were ever codified. For instance 1/12 had a symbol but you can bet that 1/137th didn't.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Subtraction, multiplication, and division with Roman numerals is so complicated that it is virtually always done with the use of a special abacus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Romans and later Europeans had the concept of "zero" but did not treat it as a number in and of itself (with a few very rare exceptions). The Roman systems of numbers had no symbol for zero and so a number of very important mathematical ideas remained unassailable, not the least of which is negative numbers (if you have no zero you don't think of what's on the other side). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arabic Numerals&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Arabic numerals are not strictly speaking arabic. They originate in India around 300BC. They are referred to as "Arabic" because it was the work of arab mathematicians that really spread the use of these symbols and made them pretty universal from the Indian subcontinent through the Middle East eventually into Europe. Furthermore the arabs made a significant advancement of making zero a number unto itself in the 800s AD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;While they would look strange to us these symbols morphed over time to become the number system we all grew up with (1, 2, 3, 4...).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/EuropeanFormOfArabianDigits.png/500px-EuropeanFormOfArabianDigits.png" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This system of numbers was much more capable than the Roman version. It was more compact in general (compare 58 to LVIII or 1997 to MCMXCVII). The Roman system requires very careful reading since some numbers are subtractive and some additive based on position (IV is 4 but VI is 6), by comparison the Arabic numbers are all "additive" or all subtractive (if used in conjunction with a negative sign). Addition and subtraction are simple, enough so that any school age child is expected to routinely do them. Multiplication and division are only a little more complicated. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Very large numbers and very small numbers can be a bit cumbersome (but not nearly so cumbersome as in Roman Numerals) but this was eventually relieved with the use of Exponential or Scientific notation (i.e. 450,000,000,000 is written 4.5x10^11 or 4.5E11). Interestingly enough I can't seem to find any info on where/when scientific notation originated. I'm assuming it is European but may be wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ultimately it boils down to the Arabic system being open (in the sense of continuously expandable) and the Roman system being closed (as in it had finite discrete states and to go outside of that required the creation of new symbols). This is somewhat analagous to the difference between a lettered language and logographic systems, like Kanji, where every symbol is a single word. In the former system it is easy to continuously expand the vocabulary in the latter each new term requires a totally new symbol and the language quickly becomes unwieldy and potentially incomprehensible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is no coincidence that calculus developed first among those using the arabic system and only really started developing in Europe after the adotion of same. The impact of this contribution to mathematics can't be overstated. Without calculus most of science is simply impossible. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-320107940542998262?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/320107940542998262/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=320107940542998262' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/320107940542998262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/320107940542998262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/11/islams-contributions-to-civilization.html' title='Islam&apos;s Contributions to Civilization: Mathematics'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-1082099355142498031</id><published>2009-07-07T03:31:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:31:57.147-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Trigonometry</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a name="trig"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; *152.  Bjørnbo, A. &lt;em&gt; Thabits Werk über den Transversalensatz (liber de figura sectore) mit Bemerkungen von  H. Suter. Herausgegeben und ergänzt durch Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der muslimischen sphärischen Trigonometrie von  H. Bürger und  K. Kohl.&lt;/em&gt;  Erlangen: Mencke,  1924.&lt;br /&gt;The edition of (the medieval Latin translation of) Thabit's  treatise on the transversal theorem is followed by  a survey of the work of many Islamic authors on the theorem of Menelaus and related theorems in spherical trigonometry.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *153.  Debarnot, M.T.  Introduction du triangle polaire par Abu Nasr ibn `Iraq. &lt;em&gt; Journal for the History of Arabic Science&lt;/em&gt;  2 (1978), pp. 126-136.&lt;br /&gt;On the introduction of the polar triangle in spherical geometry.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *154.  Debarnot, M.T.  Trigonometry.&lt;br /&gt;Published in:  *23, vol.  2, pp. 495-538.    &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *155.  King, D.A.  Universal Solutions to Problems of Spherical Astronomy from Mamluk Egypt and Syria, in: Kazemi, F., McChesney, R.D. eds.,  &lt;em&gt; A Way Prepared: Essays on Islamic Culture in Honor of Richard Bayly Winder,&lt;/em&gt;  New York: New York University Press,  1988, pp. 153-184, reprinted in  *188.&lt;br /&gt;``Universal'' means: for all localities.   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *156.  Lorch, R.  Jabir ibn Aflah and the Establishment of Trigonometry in the West.&lt;br /&gt;Published (only) in:  *189 no. VIII.    &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *157.  Luckey, P.  Zur Entstehung der Kugeldreiecksrechnung, &lt;em&gt; Deutsche Mathematik&lt;/em&gt;  5 (1940), pp. 405-446.&lt;br /&gt;A fundamental study of the emergence of the concept of angle in a spherical triangle in the 10th century. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-1082099355142498031?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/1082099355142498031/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=1082099355142498031' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/1082099355142498031'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/1082099355142498031'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/trigonometry.html' title='Trigonometry'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-7432416299650131053</id><published>2009-07-07T03:30:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:31:21.514-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Geometry</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a name="geo"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; *146a.  Bode, P.  Die Alhazensche Spiegel-Aufgabe in ihrer historischen Entwicklung nebst einer analytischen Lösung des verallgemeinerten Problems. &lt;em&gt; Jahresberichte des Physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main &lt;/em&gt; (1891-1892), pp. 63-107.&lt;br /&gt;Discusses the ``problem of Alhazen'' and its mathematical context in the Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. See  *88, and see  *103a for some corrections to Bode's article.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *147.  Hogendijk, J.  Greek and Arabic Constructions of the Regular Heptagon. &lt;em&gt; Archive for History of Exact Sciences&lt;/em&gt;  30 (1984), pp. 197-330.&lt;br /&gt;With editions of treatises on the heptagon by pseudo-Archimedes and al-Sijzi.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *148.  Jaouiche, Kh. &lt;em&gt; La théorie des parallèles en pays d'Islam.&lt;/em&gt;  Paris: Vrin,  1986.&lt;br /&gt;Includes French translations of all available Arabic texts on the parallel postulate.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *149.  Knorr, W. &lt;em&gt; Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry.&lt;/em&gt;  Basel: Birkhäuser  1992.&lt;br /&gt;Includes editions of Arabic texts on the trisection of the angle and the construction of two mean proportionals. The methods and conclusions of this book are analyzed and in part refuted in a review by J.L. Berggren in &lt;em&gt;Ancient Philosophy&lt;/em&gt; 12 (1992), pp.  522-528.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *150.  Kunitzsch, P.  Letters in Geometrical Diagrams: Greek - Arabic - Latin, &lt;em&gt; Zeitschrift für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften&lt;/em&gt;  7 (1991-2), pp. 1-20.&lt;br /&gt;With an appendix by E.S. Kennedy on pp. 21-22.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *151.  Rosenfeld, B.A, &lt;em&gt; A History of non-Euclidean Geometry.&lt;/em&gt;  New York: Springer  1988.&lt;br /&gt;Translated from the Russian by Abe Shenitzer. This book contains a large chapter on Islamic work on the parallel postulate. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-7432416299650131053?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/7432416299650131053/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=7432416299650131053' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7432416299650131053'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7432416299650131053'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/geometry.html' title='Geometry'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-718285599433464671</id><published>2009-07-07T03:30:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:30:43.620-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Number theory, Indeterminate Equations, Magic Squares</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a name="num"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; *144.  Naini, Alireza Djafari. &lt;em&gt; Geschichte der Zahlentheorie im Orient.&lt;/em&gt;  Braunschweig: Klose and Co.  1982&lt;br /&gt;The emphasis is on amicable and perfect numbers.   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *145.  Sesiano, J.  Herstellungsverfahren magischer Quadrate aus islamischer Zeit (I, II, II', III) &lt;em&gt; Sudhoffs Archiv&lt;/em&gt;  64 (1980), pp. 187-96,  65 (1981), pp. 251-65,  71 (1987), pp. 78-89,  79 (1995), pp. 193-226.&lt;br /&gt;On a variety of Arabic treatises on methods of construction of magic squares.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *146.  Sesiano, J. &lt;em&gt; Un traité médiéval sur les carrés magiques. De l'arrangement harmonieux des nombres.&lt;/em&gt;  Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires Romandes,  1996.&lt;br /&gt;Arabic text and French translation of an anonymous treatise on the construction of magic squares. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt; See also  *36,  *37,  *59,  *60,  *62,  *63, *65a, *65b, *73b, *80, *84a, *113a.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-718285599433464671?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/718285599433464671/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=718285599433464671' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/718285599433464671'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/718285599433464671'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/number-theory-indeterminate-equations.html' title='Number theory, Indeterminate Equations, Magic Squares'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-3662520790910428209</id><published>2009-07-07T03:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:30:01.370-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Irrational magnitudes</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a name="irr"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; *140.  Matvievskaya, G.P.  The Theory of Quadratic Irrationals in Medieval Oriental Mathematics.&lt;br /&gt;Published in  *181, pp. 253-277. Survey article, on medieval developments of Euclid's theory of irrational magnitudes in Book X of the Elements. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p&gt; See also  *39,  *99,  *136, and see the section on Algebra.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a name="alg"&gt;Algebra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; *141  Anbouba, A.  L'Algèbre Arabe aux IXe et Xe siècles. Aperçu général. &lt;em&gt; Journal for the History of Arabic Science&lt;/em&gt;  2 (1978), pp. 66-100.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *142.  Rashed, R.  Résolution des equations numériques et algèbre: Sharaf al-Din al- Tusi, Viète. &lt;em&gt; Archive for History of Exact Sciences&lt;/em&gt;  12 (1974), pp. 244-290.&lt;br /&gt;Argues that Viète's methods for the numerical solution of equations were influenced by Islamic predecessors. Reprinted in  *190 and  *191.    &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *143  Ruska, J. &lt;em&gt; Zur ältesten arabischen Algebra und Rechenkunst.&lt;/em&gt;  Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung,  1917.&lt;br /&gt;Terminological study of Islamic algebra. With index. Reprinted in  *201  vol. 5. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   See also  *40,  *45,  *52,  *56,  *57,  *81,  *104,  *105,  *106,  *107,  *107a&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-3662520790910428209?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/3662520790910428209/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=3662520790910428209' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/3662520790910428209'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/3662520790910428209'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/irrational-magnitudes.html' title='Irrational magnitudes'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-2997024137808158107</id><published>2009-07-07T03:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:29:22.876-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Arithmetic</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a name="arith"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; *135.  Djebbar, A.  Le traitement des fractions dans la tradition mathématique arabe du Maghreb. in: Benoit, P., Chemla, K., Ritter, J., eds., &lt;em&gt; Histoire de fractions, fractions d'histoire,&lt;/em&gt;  Basel: Birkhäuser,  1992. pp. 223-245.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *136.  Luckey, P.  Die Ausziehung der n-ten worzel und der binomische Lehrsatz in der islamischen Mathematik, &lt;em&gt; Mathematische Annalen&lt;/em&gt;  120 (1948), pp. 217-274.&lt;br /&gt;Survey article.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *137.  Rebstock, U. &lt;em&gt; Rechnen im islamischen Orient: die literarischen Spuren der praktischen Rechenkunst.&lt;/em&gt;  Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.  1992.&lt;br /&gt;Survey of practical arithmetic in Islamic civilization.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *138.  Rashed, R.  L'extraction de la racine n-ième et l'invention des  fractions décimales (XIe-XIIIe siècles). &lt;em&gt; Archive for History of Exact Sciences&lt;/em&gt;  18 (1978), pp. 191-243.&lt;br /&gt;Reprinted in  *190 and  *191.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *139.  Rashed, R.  L'induction mathématique: al-Karaji, as-Samaw`al, &lt;em&gt; Archive for History of Exact Sciences&lt;/em&gt;  9 (1972), pp. 1-21.&lt;br /&gt;On binomial coefficients in a lost work of al-Karaji. Reprinted in  *190 and  *191. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p&gt;See also  *41,  *66,  *79,  *85,  *113,   *118,  *123.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-2997024137808158107?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/2997024137808158107/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=2997024137808158107' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2997024137808158107'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2997024137808158107'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/arithmetic.html' title='Arithmetic'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-6302967297549309766</id><published>2009-07-07T03:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:28:19.258-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematics in Specific Areas of the Islamic World</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a name="spec"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; *131.  Djebbar, A. Mathematics in Medieval Maghreb. &lt;em&gt; AMUCHMA Newsletter&lt;/em&gt;  15 (1995), pp. 3-42.&lt;br /&gt;Fundamental paper on medieval mathematics in the Western Islamic world. Available on internet at &lt;a href="http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_15.html"&gt; www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_15.html&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *132.  Djebbar, A. &lt;em&gt; Enseignement et recherche mathématiques dans le Maghreb des XIIIe-XIVe siècles.&lt;/em&gt;  Université de Paris-Sud: Départment de Mathématique,  1980.    &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *133.  Kennedy, Edward S.  The Exact Sciences in Abbasid Iran,  The Exact Sciences in  Iran under the Saljuqs and Mongols, and  The Exact Sciences in  Timurid Iran, all chapters in &lt;em&gt; The Cambridge History of Iran&lt;/em&gt;, 8 vols.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,  1968.   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *133a De Young, G. Euclidean Geometry in the Mathematical Tradition of Islamic India, &lt;em&gt;Historia Mathematica&lt;/em&gt; 22 (1995), 138-153.&lt;br /&gt;On mathematics education in Islamic India, with emphasis on the transmission of Euclid's &lt;em&gt;Elements&lt;/em&gt; and Arabic and Persian commentaries.  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *134.  King, D. A.  The Astronomy of the Mamluks. &lt;em&gt; Isis&lt;/em&gt;  74 (1983), pp. 531-555.&lt;br /&gt;Surveys the achievements in mathematical astronomy in 13th- to  16th-century Egypt and Syria. Reprinted in  *186.   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; *134a.  Samso, J. and  Vernet, J.  The Development of Arabic Science in Andalusia.&lt;br /&gt;published in:  *23 (vol. 1) pp. 243-275. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  For mathematics in Islamic Spain see also  *4,  *15,  *182,    *194, for the Maghreb see also  *20,  *108,  *135&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-6302967297549309766?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/6302967297549309766/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=6302967297549309766' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/6302967297549309766'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/6302967297549309766'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/mathematics-in-specific-areas-of.html' title='Mathematics in Specific Areas of the Islamic World'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-6281739184542657158</id><published>2009-07-07T03:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:23:59.281-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Mathematical Legacy of Islam</title><content type='html'>&lt;table border="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td rowspan="12"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.maa.org/images/devlin.gif" height="90" width="70" /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;h1&gt;Devlin's Angle&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;!--end table--&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;Today, mention of the word Islam conjurs up  images of fanatical terrorists flying jet airplanes  full of people into buildings full of even more  people, all in the name, they say, of their god. In an equally sad vein, the word Baghdad brings to  mind the unscrupulous and decidedly evil dictator Saddam Hussein. Both images are as  unrepresentative as they are understandable, a  sad reflection on the ease with which a handful of  crazed fanatics, lacking the ability or the wit to  bring about change by peaceful means, can  hijack not just a plane or a country but an entire  cultural heritage and its associated religion. For  those of us in mathematics, and by extension all  scientists and engineers, the sadness is even  greater. For the culture that these fanatics claim  to represent when they set about trying to destroy  the modern world of science and technology was  in fact the cradle in which that tradition was  nurtured. As mathematicians, we are all children  of Islam.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Following the advent of Islam in the seventh century, Islamic forces attacked and conquered all of North Africa, most of the middle  East, and even parts of Western Europe, most  notably Spain. The capital of this empire,  Baghdad, was established on the Tigris River. Its location made it a natural crossroads, the place where East and West could meet. Baghdad quickly became a major cultural center.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;With the emergence of a new dynasty, the  Abbasids, in the middle of the eighth century, the  Islamic Empire started to settle down politically,  and conditions emerged in which mathematics  and science could be pursued. By and large, the  early mathematical work done by Arabic scholars was predominantly practical, and not very deep -- certainly nothing like the mathematics of the ancient Greeks a thousand years earlier. Nevertheless, the subject appears to have been viewed as important and prestigious. Early Islamic scholars imported to Baghdad books on astronomy and mathematics from India.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Early in the ninth century, the Abbasid caliphs  decided to adopt a more deliberate approach to  the cultural and intellectual growth of the empire.  They established the &lt;em&gt;House of Wisdom&lt;/em&gt;, a sort of ninth century academy of science, and started to gather together scholarly manuscripts in Greek and Sanskrit, together with scholars who could read and understand them. Over the following years, many important Greek and Indian  mathematical books were translated and  studied, leading to a new era of scientific and  mathematical creativity that was to last until the  14th century.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;One of the first Greek texts to be translated was  Euclid's &lt;em&gt;Elements&lt;/em&gt;. This had a huge  impact, and from then on the Arabic  mathematicians adopted a very Greek approach  to their mathematics, formulating theorems  precisely and proving them formally in Euclid's  style. Like Greek mathematics, which was  defined more by the common language in which  it was written and carried out, rather than the  nationality of the practitioners, Arabic  mathematics was determined largely by the  common use of Arabic by scholars of many  nationalities, not all of them Arabic or Muslim,  spread throughout the Islamic Empire.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;One of the earliest and most distinguished of the  Arabic mathematicians was the ninth century  scholar Abu Ja'far Mohammed ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, who was an astronomer to the caliph  at Baghdad. His name indicates that he was from  the town of Khwarizm (now Khiva), on the Amu  Darya river, south of the Aral Sea in what is now  Uzbekistan. (Khwarizm was part of the Silk Route,  a major trading pathway between Europe and the  East.) Al-Khwarizmi's full name can be translated  as "Father of Ja'far, Mohammed, son of Moses,  native of the town of Al-Khwarizmi".&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Al-Khwarizmi wrote several books that were to be  enormously influential. In particular, his book  describing how to write numbers and compute  with them using the place-value decimal system  that came out of India would, when  translated into Latin three hundred years later,  prove to be a major source for Europeans who  wanted to learn the new system.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In fact, Al-Khwarizmi's book on arithmetic with the  Hindu-Arabic numbers was so important, it  appears to have been translated several times.  Many translations began with the phrase "dixit  Algorismi" ("so says Al-Khwarizmi"), a practice  that led to the adoption in medieval times of the  term &lt;em&gt;algorism&lt;/em&gt; to refer to the process of  computing with the Hindu-Arabic numerals. Our  modern word "algorithm" is an obvious derivation  from that term.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Another of Al-Khwarizmi's manuscripts was  called &lt;em&gt;Kitab al jabr w'al-muqabala&lt;/em&gt;, which  translates roughly as "restoration and  compensation". The book is essentially an  algebra text. It starts off with a discussion of  quadratic equations, then goes on to some  practical geometry, followed by simple linear  equations, and ending with a long section on  how to apply mathematics to solve inheritance  problems. The Englishman Robert of Chester  translated Al-Khwarizmi's algebra book from  Arabic into Latin in 1145. The part dealing with  quadratic equations eventually became famous.  Such was the influence of this work that the  Arabic phrase &lt;em&gt;al jabr&lt;/em&gt; in the book's title  gave rise to our modern word "algebra".&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;After Al-Khwarizmi, algebra became an important  part of Arabic mathematics. Arabic  mathematicians learned to manipulate  polynomials, to solve certain algebraic equations,  and more. For modern readers, used to thinking  of algebra as the manipulation of symbols, it is  important to realize that the Arabic  mathematicians did not use symbols at all.  Everything was done in words.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;One of the most famous Arabic mathematicians  was 'Umar Al-Khayammi, known in the West as  Omar Khayyam, who lived approximately from  1048 to 1131. Although remembered today  primarily as a poet, in his time he was also  famous as a mathematician, scientist, and  philosopher, doing major work in all those  fields.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;It was largely through translations of the Arabic  texts into Latin that western Europe, freshly  emerged from the Dark Ages, kick-started its  mathematics in the tenth and subsequent  centuries.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;It was around the tenth century that "cathedral  schools" sprang up in many parts of Europe,.  Designed to train clerics, they concentrated on  the &lt;em&gt;trivium&lt;/em&gt; (grammar, logic, and rhetoric),  with more advanced students going on to the  &lt;em&gt;quadrivium&lt;/em&gt; (arithmetic, geometry, music,  and astronomy). Their creation helped  spur an increased interest in mathematics. To  fuel that interest, scholars turned to the ancient  works preserved by the Islamic culture, many of  them in Spain. For instance, Gerbert d'Aurillac  (945-1003), later to be Pope Sylvester II, visited  Spain to learn mathematics, then returned to  France where he reorganized the cathedral  school in Rhiems. He re-introduced the study of  arithmetic and geometry, taught students how to  use the counting board, and even used Hindu-Arabic numerals -- though apparently not the full place-value system we use today.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In the centuries that followed, many European  scholars spent time in Spain translating Arabic  treatises on various subjects. Latin was the  language of the European scholars, and thus the  target language for the translations. Since few  European scholar knew Arabic, however, the  translation was often done in two stages, with a  Jewish scholar living in Spain translating from  the Arabic to some common language and the  visiting scholar then translating from that  language into Latin. In the same way, many  ancient Greek texts, from Aristotle to Euclid, were  also translated into Latin, whereupon they began  to make an impact in the West.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to the translations of Al-Khwarizmi's  works, of particular note was the appearance in  1202 of Fibonacci's book &lt;em&gt;Liber abaci&lt;/em&gt;,  which described the Hindu-Arabic place-value  system for representing numbers, and explained  how to compute with them. Fibonacci's treatment  was so good that it arguably had more influence  than any other source on the eventual acceptance  of the new number system around the world, including Al-Khwarizmi's writings that had come much earlier.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;The full story of Fibonacci is a fascinating one, which I will turn to in a future column.  The point I want to make now is that it was  through translations of the Arabic texts that  western Europe was able to develop its own  mathematical traditions so rapidly, paving the  way for the scientific revolution in the seventeenth  century and thence to the scientific and  technological world we take for granted today.  Many of those Arabic texts were themselves  translations of still earlier Greek works from a  thousand years earlier.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Without the dedication and commitment to science of  the Islamic scholars of the 9th to the 14th century,  who both preserved important scientific works  and pushed forward the limits of mathematical  and scientific knowledge, it is not at all clear that  Western Europe would have become the world  leader in science and technology. And had that  not been the case, it is unlikely that the United  States (as we know it today) would have inherited  that leadership role.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;I suspect that Osama bin Laden, as an educated  man from a very wealthy family, is fully aware of  the crucial role played by Islam in the development of the West's scientific tradition. I doubt that  the same is true for the hordes who pour out into  the streets of Iraq and Pakistan in his support, to  rejoice the slaughter of men, women, and  children they have never met, living in countries  they have never visited. I doubt also that a sense  of Islam's ancient tradition of scientific scholarship and learning is possessed by the fanatical few who, at bin Laden's bidding, believe that the surest way to achieve immortal greatness in the eyes of their god is to commit mass murder as a first step towards turning back the advances in science and technology that they see as so evil,  and returning humankind to the Stone Age.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Ignorance, we used to say, is bliss. Maybe that  was once the case, although I very much doubt it.  Be that as it may, I think that the clear message of  September 11 and the events that have unfolded in the months since then, is that ignorance is dangerous,  leaving the gullible ignorant wide open to manipulation by unscrupulous and evil  individuals. It is also, as I have tried to indicate, deeply sad.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-6281739184542657158?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/6281739184542657158/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=6281739184542657158' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/6281739184542657158'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/6281739184542657158'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/mathematical-legacy-of-islam.html' title='The Mathematical Legacy of Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-7195754002512343200</id><published>2009-07-07T03:21:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-07T03:22:27.453-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematics and Islam</title><content type='html'>Modern mathematics owes much of its existence to Islam. &lt;p&gt;  Islamic mathematicians of the middle ages developed many of the fundamental cornerstones of modern mathematics. The word &lt;i&gt;algebra&lt;/i&gt; comes from the Arabic  &lt;i&gt;al-jabr&lt;/i&gt;, "restoration". The field of algebra was developed by Muslim mathematicians in the Middle East and India. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  &lt;i&gt;Algorithms,&lt;/i&gt; the processes of mathematics and computer science, are named after the great Arabic mathematician al-Khwarizmi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  The Prophet Mohammed enjoined Muslims to seek learning. The enlightened cultural traditions of Islam  ensured that the mathematical works of previous cultures,  such as the ancient Greeks, were preserved rather than destroyed. Euclid's geometry is only known to us because it was  preserved in Arabic by Muslim scholars. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  Our modern number system is called &lt;i&gt;Hindu-Arabic&lt;/i&gt; in recognition of its origins in the number systems of India and Arabia.  Our number system depends fundamentally on the number &lt;b&gt;0&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;zero&lt;/b&gt;) which was invented by Arab mathematicians. A numeral is sometimes  called a &lt;i&gt;cipher&lt;/i&gt; (hence &lt;i&gt;encipher&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;decipher&lt;/i&gt;) from the Arabic word &lt;i&gt;sifr&lt;/i&gt; meaning zero. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  For more information, see &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Keith Devlin's essay &lt;a href="http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_0708_02.html"&gt; The Mathematical Legacy of Islam&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Horace Mann's page of weblinks on  &lt;a href="http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/islam/nbLinks/Islam_Science_Math.html"&gt; Science and Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Cultures&lt;/a&gt; for high school students &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Author:  &lt;a href="http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/%7Eadrian/"&gt; Adrian Baddeley&lt;/a&gt;, University of Western Australia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-7195754002512343200?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/7195754002512343200/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=7195754002512343200' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7195754002512343200'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7195754002512343200'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/07/mathematics-and-islam.html' title='Mathematics and Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-2963965861201513051</id><published>2009-03-27T02:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-27T02:59:23.974-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematics in medieval Islam</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mathematics in medieval Islam'&lt;/i&gt; or sometimes referred to as &lt;b&gt;Islamic mathematics&lt;/b&gt; is a term used in the history of mathematics that refers to the mathematics developed in the Islamic world between 622 and 1600, in the part of the world where Islam was the dominant religion. &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Islamic science&lt;/span&gt; and mathematics flourished under the Islamic caliphate (also known as the &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Islamic Empire&lt;/span&gt;) established across the Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa, Sicily, the Iberian Peninsula, and in parts of France and India in the 8th century. The center of Islamic mathematics was located in &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Persia&lt;/span&gt; (including eastern part of present-day Iraq) , but at its greatest extent stretched from North Africa and Spain in the west and to India in the east.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; While most scientists in this period were Muslims and Arabic was the dominant language—much like &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Latin&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Medieval Europe&lt;/span&gt;, Arabic was used as the chosen written language of most scholars throughout the &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Islamic world&lt;/span&gt; at the time—contributions were almost exclusively non-Arabs such as Persians, Berbers, Moors, Turks) and sometimes different religions (Muslims, Christians, Jews, Sabians, Zoroastrians, irreligious).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-2963965861201513051?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/2963965861201513051/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=2963965861201513051' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2963965861201513051'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2963965861201513051'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/03/mathematics-in-medieval-islam.html' title='Mathematics in medieval Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-4942306340377997409</id><published>2009-03-27T02:50:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-27T02:55:50.933-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Muslims Contribution To The World of Mathematic</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:BernhardMod BT;font-size:130%;color:#800080;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.islamtomorrow.com/images/99srs.gif" width="132" border="0" height="132" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                                Mathematics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;                                               &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:BernhardMod BT;font-size:130%;color:#800080;"&gt;Muslim mathematicians excelled                                   in geometry, as can be seen in their graphic arts,                                   and it was the great Al-Biruni (who excelled also in the fields of natural history, even geology and mineralogy) who established trigonometry as a distinct branch of mathematics. Other Muslim mathematicians made significant progress in number theory.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;                                                                                                                                         &lt;b&gt;                                                &lt;/b&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;b&gt;                                              &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;                                               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;It is interesting to note that Islam so strongly urges mankind to study and explore the universe. For example, the Holy Qur'an states:                                                        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:BernhardMod BT;font-size:130%;color:#cc0000;"&gt; "We            (Allah) will show you (mankind) Our signs/patterns in the horizons/universe            and in yourselves until you are convinced that the revelation is the            truth."&lt;/span&gt; [Qur'an, 41:53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;This invitation to explore and search made Muslims interested in astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, and the other sciences, and they had a very clear and firm understanding of the correspondences among geometry, mathematics, and astronomy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The Muslims invented the symbol for zero (The word "cipher" comes from Arabic sifr), and they organized the numbers into the decimal system - base 10. Additionally, they invented the symbol to express an unknown quantity, i.e. variables like x.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The first great Muslim mathematician, Al-Khawarizmi, invented the subject of algebra (al-Jabr), which was further developed by others, most notably Umar Khayyam. Al-Khawarizmi's work, in Latin translation, brought the Arabic numerals along with the mathematics to Europe, through Spain. The word "algorithm" is derived fr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-4942306340377997409?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/4942306340377997409/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=4942306340377997409' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4942306340377997409'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4942306340377997409'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/03/muslims-contribution-to-world-of.html' title='Muslims Contribution To The World of Mathematic'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-4447004341329491733</id><published>2009-03-27T02:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-27T02:50:39.248-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematics and Islam</title><content type='html'>Modern mathematics owes much of its existence to Islam. &lt;p&gt;  Islamic mathematicians of the middle ages developed many of the fundamental cornerstones of modern mathematics. The word &lt;i&gt;algebra&lt;/i&gt; comes from the Arabic  &lt;i&gt;al-jabr&lt;/i&gt;, "restoration". The field of algebra was developed by Muslim mathematicians in the Middle East and India. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  &lt;i&gt;Algorithms,&lt;/i&gt; the processes of mathematics and computer science, are named after the great Arabic mathematician al-Khwarizmi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  The Prophet Mohammed enjoined Muslims to seek learning. The enlightened cultural traditions of Islam  ensured that the mathematical works of previous cultures,  such as the ancient Greeks, were preserved rather than destroyed. Euclid's geometry is only known to us because it was  preserved in Arabic by Muslim scholars. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  Our modern number system is called &lt;i&gt;Hindu-Arabic&lt;/i&gt; in recognition of its origins in the number systems of India and Arabia.  Our number system depends fundamentally on the number &lt;b&gt;0&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;zero&lt;/b&gt;) which was invented by Arab mathematicians. A numeral is sometimes  called a &lt;i&gt;cipher&lt;/i&gt; (hence &lt;i&gt;encipher&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;decipher&lt;/i&gt;) from the Arabic word &lt;i&gt;sifr&lt;/i&gt; meaning zero. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-4447004341329491733?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/4447004341329491733/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=4447004341329491733' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4447004341329491733'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4447004341329491733'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/03/mathematics-and-islam.html' title='Mathematics and Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-2321366515610835289</id><published>2009-01-30T01:45:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T01:48:57.613-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Kecanggihan matematika Islam</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Saat memasuki masjid, barangkali kita tidak terlalu memperhatikan berbagai ornamen yang menghiasinya. Baik di dinding, lantai atau bahkan di tempat berwudlunya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Padahal ornamen penghias itu merupakan karya agung. Hmm, coba amati sekali lagi mosaik di dinding masjid. Sangat rumit! Dan tentu saja, juga cantik!&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://axireaxi.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/070621_mosaik_01.jpg" title="070621_mosaik_01.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://axireaxi.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/070621_mosaik_01.jpg" alt="070621_mosaik_01.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Adalah Peter Lu, seorang mahasiswa fisika dari Harvard University yang berhasil menangkap kecanggihan pola mosaik di salah satu masjid di Uzbekistan. Di mata Peter Lu, pola mosaik masjid serupa dengan pola-pola kristal.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://axireaxi.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/070621_mosaik_02.jpg" title="070621_mosaik_02.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://axireaxi.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/070621_mosaik_02.jpg" alt="070621_mosaik_02.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ketertarikan itu membawa Peter Lu ke karya masa lampau di Iran, yakni Darb-i Imam. Bangunan indah ini telah ada sejak 1453. Beragam pola menawan terlukis di dindingnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pola-pola itu sangat menyerupai ubin penrose. Ubin penrose merupakan suatu model pengubinan karya Roger Penrose yang dibikin pada 1970-an. Fisikawan zat padat menyebutnya kuasikristal.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://axireaxi.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/070621_mosaik_03.jpg" title="070621_mosaik_03.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://axireaxi.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/070621_mosaik_03.jpg" alt="070621_mosaik_03.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Landasan matematika untuk membuat model kuasikristal tidaklah gampang. Namun ternyata ilmuwan muslim telah mampu membuatnya. Dan itu dilakukan sekitar 500 tahun yang lampau!&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nampaknya larangan untuk mengeksploitasi tubuh manusia sebagai hiasan telah membangkitkan daya pikir ilmuwan muslim sehingga mampu menghasilkan karya brilian. Mereka mengolah pola geometris, lekukan flora, maupun kaligrafi hingga menjadi hiasan bernilai tinggi. (axireaxi on)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-2321366515610835289?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/2321366515610835289/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=2321366515610835289' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2321366515610835289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2321366515610835289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/01/kecanggihan-matematika-islam.html' title='Kecanggihan matematika Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-3762018683784592797</id><published>2009-01-30T01:41:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T01:41:55.573-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Islam dan Matematika</title><content type='html'>Matematika tidak hanya memiliki nilai kebenaran bukti tapi juga nilai keindahan yang agung. Saya kagum dengan ungkapan Bertrand Russel mengenai matematika: “suatu keindahan, bagai ukiran, tanpa memohon belas kasih bantuan alam, tanpa keindahan musik yang menjerat dan memikat, keindahannya murni dan agung, mampu menuju kesempurnaan, sungguh merupakan seni teragung yang pernah dimiliki oleh seni itu sendiri”.&lt;br /&gt;Kemudian saya tertegun dengan komentar St Augustine, pemikir Kristen terkemuka abad pertengahan: “pemeluk Kristen yang baik dan taat harus menghindari ahli matematika. Bahaya besar telah tiba karena para ahli matematika telah mengadakan akad dengan setan untuk menggelapkan jiwa manusia dan mengurungnya dalam ikatan neraka”.&lt;br /&gt;Tak kalah garang, para hakim agung Roma membuat slogan hukum: ”dalam mempelajari geometri, ilmu yang tercela dan terkutuk seperti matematika adalah HARAM hukumnya”.&lt;br /&gt;Dua belas abad kemudian, Ahmad Sirhindi menjuluki ahli matematika sebagai orang idiot dan para pemujanya lebih tolol dan hina karena dia mengira bahwa matematika dan mempelajari matematika tidak ada manfaatnya untuk kehidupan manusia kelak di akhirat nanti.&lt;br /&gt;Kecaman keras terhadap matematika ini terjadi pada zaman medieval yang terkenal obscure, dogmatic dan irrasional. George Sarton membagi History of Science dalam beberapa zaman, setiap zaman berasosiasi pada seorang pemikir ternama, dan berakhir pada setiap setengah abad. Dari 450 BC sampai 400 BC adalah era Plato, dari 400 sampai 350 BC adalah era Aristotle dan seterusnya.&lt;br /&gt;750 M sampai 1100 M adalah merupakan zaman dimana dalam kurun 350 tahun secara keseluruhan peradaban dan ilmu didominasi oleh dunia Islam, zaman yang tak terkalahkan secara berturut-turut muncul nama-nama dari Jabir, al-Khawarizmi, ar-Razi, al-Mas’udi, al-Wafa, al-Biruni dan Umar Khayyam. Dan hanya setelah abad ke-11 M barulah muncul nama-nama seperti Gerard dan Roger Bacon. Tapi kehormatan atas ilmu masih disandang ulama-ulama Muslim dalam kurun dua abad berikutnya yaitu Ibn Rushd, Nashiruddin at Thusi dan Ibnu Nafis.&lt;br /&gt;Namun setelah 1350 M umat Islam tenggelam dalam samudra dogmatis yang hanya menelurkan beberapa ilmuwan handal pada abad 15 M.&lt;br /&gt;Sejarah mengungkapkan fakta bahwa scientific brilliance selalu dibarengi dengan perkembangan matematika. Pada kenyataanya penemuan-penemuan matematik telah memuluskan jalan menuju kemajuan spektakuler dalam sejarah ilmu dan teknologi. Tidak ada satu negarapun yang pernah mencapai kesuksesannya tanpa penguasaan matematika. Ketika umat Islam mendominasi dunia sains, mereka sangat hebat dalam matematika.&lt;br /&gt;Musa al khawarizmi (780-850 M) merupakan salah satu dari scientific minds of Islam, yang mempunyai pengaruh dalam pemikiran matematika lebih dari ilmuwan abad pertengahan manapun. Dia tidak hanya menyusun buku aritmetika namun juga tabel-tabel astronomi. Magnum opusnya hisab al jabr wa-l-muqabalah telah diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa latin dan digunakan selama empat abad sebagai buku panduan utama dalam mata kuliah aljabar di universitas-universitas terkemuka di seluruh Eropa.&lt;br /&gt;Dengan mengenalkan jumlah yang tidak diketahui kemudian menemukannya, aljabar menjadi the open-sesame untuk berbagai penemuan; the be-all dan end-all dari semua ilmu sains.&lt;br /&gt;Penyair ternama; dan juga ahli matematika yang handal Omar Khayyam (1048-1122 M) dan Nashiruddin at Thusi (1201-1274 M) menunjukkan bahwa setiap besaran rasio, yang sepadan maupun tidak, adalah bilangan, rasional maupun irrasional. Dan teori tersebut kemudian secara pelan dan lambat menuju kesempurnaannya disaat bermulanya zaman renaissance di Eropa.&lt;br /&gt;Iqbal, pemikir kenamaan asal Pakistan memuji at Thusi Karena telah melontarkan pertanyaan terhadap the uclidean postulate atas pararelism. Omar khayyam merupakan ilmuwan pertama yang membuktikan bilangan dari teori non-euclidean geometry yang nantinya ditemukan oleh Lobchersky, Riemann dan Gauss secara terpisah selama pertengahan abad 19 M.&lt;br /&gt;Omar Khayyam telah mendahului sejak 7 abad sebelum mereka, yang mana dikemudian hari, Einstein menggunakan the non-euclidean geometry untuk mengantarkannya pada “dunia baru” dalam bidang sains. Tidak ada petunjuk dan rumusan yang tidak dipecahkan oleh Umar Khayyam. Beliau juga mulai menggunakan grafik untuk mengkombinasi aljabar dan geometri untuk membuktikan persamaan kubik.&lt;br /&gt;Pasti akan selalu diingat bahwasanya seorang jenius bernama Descartes yang kemudian memperagakan the tour de force dari kombinasi aljabar dan geometri, bersamaan dengan penemuan filsafat barunya dengan diktumnya yang terkenal: “cogito ergo sum”.&lt;br /&gt;Belum ada lagi pemikir dunia Muslim yang mengikuti jejak Umar Khayyam dan menguatkan rasionalism, karena Imam Ghazali telah “terlanjur” menulis tahafutul falasifah. Memang, Ibnu Rushd kemudian juga menulis tahafut tahafut. Namun sayangnya dunia Muslim menolaknya, sebaliknya orang Eropa berebut mengambilnya. Orang Eropa menjadi averoist; pengikut setia Ibn Rushd.&lt;br /&gt;Al Biruni sukses dengan the idea of function, yang mana menurut Spengler, adalah simbol barat yang mana tidak ada peradaban lain yang bisa memberikannya walaupun hanya sekedar petunjuk dan gambaran. The idea of function yang dilontarkan al-Biruni mengenalkan konsep inter-dependence dan movement, melihat dunia sebagai sebuah kumpulan proses inter-dependence.&lt;br /&gt;Konsep ini merupakan konsep dialektik. Namun lagi-lagi disayangkan bahwa umat Islam tidak bisa mengembangkan embrio yang brilliant tersebut, dan akhirnya konsep tersebut berhibernasi selama berabad-abad karena umat Islam terbuai dalam lantunan ninabobo dogmatism dan irrationalism. Embrio tersebut baru muncul dan lahir kembali tatkala tersentuh oleh peradaban barat, sungguh ironis. Ide yang dinamis tidak akan pernah maju dalam lingkungan masyarakat yang statis!.&lt;br /&gt;Akhirnya pada abad ke 17 M secara tragis namun desisif , supremasi sains berputar “melawan” dunia Muslim, sungguh sayang……..&lt;br /&gt;Geometri Descartes diterbitkan pada tahun 1637 M. Ahmad Sirhindi meninggal pada tahun 1624 M, namun dia sudah terlanjur mengutuk matematika dengan ungkapan yang tegas dan lugas. Dengan mengecam matematika, kita telah melangkah jauh keluar dari parade barisan ilmu sains dan teknologi.&lt;br /&gt;Seperdelapan dari ayat-ayat al-qur’an menekankan tadabbur, tafakkur dan ta’aqqul. Implikasinya adalah bahwasanya al-quran menjunjung tinggi supremasi akal. Tatkala kita menolak akal dengan mudah kita akan menjadi korban obscurantism dan dogmatism. Worldview kita masih medieval. Islam telah menjalani transformasi dari revolusi aljabar menuju stagnasi aritmetik.&lt;br /&gt;Tidak akan pernah berkembang matematika dan ilmu sains serta teknologi kecuali apabila dan hingga weltanshauung (worldview, red.) kita telah bersandar pada asas tafakkur tadabbur dan menjadikan ta’aqqul sebagai penjaga “pintu masuk” dunia Islam.&lt;br /&gt;Islam bukanlah sistem yang tertutup sebagaimana pandangan kaum orthodox. Karena hal tersebut malah akan mencoreng citra Islam sebagai agama yang universal “rahmatan lil ‘alamin”. Islam adalah keimanan dimana Tuhan menyediakan manusia sesuatu yang baru, pada tiap paginya, “sarapan” yang bisa menjadi problem solving bagi berbagai permasalah-permasalahan baru yang muncul saat itu.&lt;br /&gt;Sebagaimana yang telah tertera dalam al-quran, setiap masa memiliki kemuliaanya. Dan pada akhirnya, Islam telah menghubungkan dirinya kepada keagungan Tuhan dan diakhir yang lain kepada diversity of humankind (keberagaman manusia). Disini, pluralisme adalah merupakan kekuatan dinamisnya. Wallahu a’lam. For our next scientists; where are thou!(albi)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-3762018683784592797?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/3762018683784592797/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=3762018683784592797' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/3762018683784592797'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/3762018683784592797'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/01/islam-dan-matematika.html' title='Islam dan Matematika'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-4700083131789886592</id><published>2009-01-30T01:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T01:37:22.702-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Islam's Contributions to Civilization: Mathematics</title><content type='html'>&lt;!-- start div.node --&gt;                     &lt;p&gt;I've been very disheartened to hear people, both here and elsewhere, regard the Islamic world as if it were a barbarous place devoid of any redeeming value. To go some ways toward showing just how false that view is I thought I might start writing a series of diaries on the many great advances that the world owes to these "cave dwelling barbarians."&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;It is fitting in a way to start the series with mathematics because math is not an end unto itself but rather a means by which to accomplish so much else. It is the base of science and economics which means it is the foundation on which US society was built.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;So how has Islam contributed to mathematics? First let me say that I am not literally here talking of Islam the religion. Rather I am speaking of the region and cultures which either preceeded and led up to, or postdated and developed within the area where Islam grew to power. This essentially means the arabs and persians in the time period shortly before Muhammed to current day. For example the earliest mathematical texts yet found came from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India but at ~1300BC these too far predate Islam for us to tie them directly to the &lt;i&gt;culture&lt;/i&gt; (as opposed to religion) of Islam.  For Islam's contributions we have to look much later.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Roman Numerals&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Roman notation of numbers (I, II, III, IV, V, VI...) was used in Europe commonly into the 1400s. This system originally developed from simple tally sticks. The system worked (clumsily) for basic addition but was difficult for anything more complicated. The reasons for this are varied.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the case of fractions a new symbol was used for each fractional value. This meant that only a very few commonly used fractions were ever codified. For instance 1/12 had a symbol but you can bet that 1/137th didn't.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Subtraction, multiplication, and division with Roman numerals is so complicated that it is virtually always done with the use of a special abacus.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Romans and later Europeans had the concept of "zero" but did not treat it as a number in and of itself (with a few very rare exceptions). The Roman systems of numbers had no symbol for zero and so a number of very important mathematical ideas remained unassailable, not the least of which is negative numbers (if you have no zero you don't think of what's on the other side). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arabic Numerals&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Arabic numerals are not strictly speaking arabic. They originate in India around 300BC. They are referred to as "Arabic" because it was the work of arab mathematicians that really spread the use of these symbols and made them pretty universal from the Indian subcontinent through the Middle East eventually into Europe. Furthermore the arabs made a significant advancement of making zero a number unto itself in the 800s AD.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;While they would look strange to us these symbols morphed over time to become the number system we all grew up with (1, 2, 3, 4...).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/EuropeanFormOfArabianDigits.png/500px-EuropeanFormOfArabianDigits.png" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This system of numbers was much more capable than the Roman version. It was more compact in general (compare 58 to LVIII or 1997 to MCMXCVII). The Roman system requires very careful reading since some numbers are subtractive and some additive based on position (IV is 4 but VI is 6), by comparison the Arabic numbers are all "additive" or all subtractive (if used in conjunction with a negative sign). Addition and subtraction are simple, enough so that any school age child is expected to routinely do them. Multiplication and division are only a little more complicated. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Very large numbers and very small numbers can be a bit cumbersome (but not nearly so cumbersome as in Roman Numerals) but this was eventually relieved with the use of Exponential or Scientific notation (i.e. 450,000,000,000 is written 4.5x10^11 or 4.5E11). Interestingly enough I can't seem to find any info on where/when scientific notation originated. I'm assuming it is European but may be wrong. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ultimately it boils down to the Arabic system being open (in the sense of continuously expandable) and the Roman system being closed (as in it had finite discrete states and to go outside of that required the creation of new symbols). This is somewhat analagous to the difference between a lettered language and logographic systems, like Kanji, where every symbol is a single word. In the former system it is easy to continuously expand the vocabulary in the latter each new term requires a totally new symbol and the language quickly becomes unwieldy and potentially incomprehensible.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;It is no coincidence that calculus developed first among those using the arabic system and only really started developing in Europe after the adotion of same. The impact of this contribution to mathematics can't be overstated. Without calculus most of science is simply impossible. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Beyond the numbers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Okay so the Arabic number system was a big improvement, one which the arabs made significant contributions to if not actually originating themselves. What else have they got?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oh boy.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Our very word "algebra" is derived from Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, a treatise on mathematics by Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Kwārizmī from whom we also get the word "algorithm." Al-Kwarizmi, a persian, is considered "the father of modern algebra" and algebra of course is one of the most fundamental building blocks of mathematics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Al-Biruni &lt;i&gt;by age 27&lt;/i&gt; had written nine books and a host of shorter works. Much of this work had to do with the application of geometry to both astronomy and geography. Today a crater on the moon is named in his honor.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The poet Omar Khayyam created a geometic solution to cubic equations (ax^3 + bx^2 + cx +d =0), a feat that is regarded as "one of the most original discoveries in Islamic mathematics" (no small feat clearly). He also contributed to the synthesis of mathematical approaches (combining trigonometry and approximation theory to provide solutions to other algebraic problems). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The greatest contribution to the Ptolemaic planetary system (our understanding of the motion of the planets including our own) until the coming of Copernicus was made by the Persian Nasir al-Din al-Tusi due to his work on spherical trigonometry.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ghiyath al-Kashi was considered the inventor of decimal fractions (1.16 as opposed to 29/25ths) because his contribution to the field was so enormous (he did not actually invent them). He furthermore computed pi to the 16th decimal place. What's more he developed an algorithm for calculating &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;th roots and put together tables of sines accurate to 8 decimal places (for use in astronomy).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The hindu-arabic number system was originally desgined for "dust boards," basically primitive chalk boards. Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi modified the system to make it usable for the much more convenient (and potentially permanent) method of pen and paper. While this sounds minor consider the awesome potential of being able to write a mathematical work and include &lt;i&gt;directly in it&lt;/i&gt; the very mathematical symbols to which you refer. Quite simply without this development the very idea of math text is impossible. Each problem would be described in words while the reader would have to write out the equation in numbers on their personal dust board. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The list of somewhat less titanic but still very important Islamic mathematicians and the fields they contributed to is long; Thabit ibn Qurra (geometry), Abu Kamil (algebra, irrational numbers), Al-Batanni (trigonometry), Sinan ibn Thabit (geometry), Ibrahim ibn Sinan (calculus), Abul Wáfa (invented the tangent function, trigonometry), Abu Bakr al-Karaji (numerical analysis, major advancements to algebra), Al-Haytham (number theory), Abu Nasr Mansur (discovered sine law, trigonometry), Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (geometry), Al-Baghdadi (arabic decimal system), Al-Samawal (algebra), Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (founded algebraic geometry), Al-Farisi (number theory), Ulugh Beg (trigonometry in his spare time from ruling the Timurid Empire).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-4700083131789886592?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/4700083131789886592/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=4700083131789886592' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4700083131789886592'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4700083131789886592'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/01/islams-contributions-to-civilization.html' title='Islam&apos;s Contributions to Civilization: Mathematics'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-4960275805365004010</id><published>2009-01-30T01:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T01:34:52.840-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Mathematical Legacy of Islam</title><content type='html'>&lt;table border="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td rowspan="12"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.maa.org/images/devlin.gif" width="70" height="90" /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Devlin's Angle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;!--end table--&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;Today, mention of the word Islam conjurs up  images of fanatical terrorists flying jet airplanes  full of people into buildings full of even more  people, all in the name, they say, of their god. In an equally sad vein, the word Baghdad brings to  mind the unscrupulous and decidedly evil dictator Saddam Hussein. Both images are as  unrepresentative as they are understandable, a  sad reflection on the ease with which a handful of  crazed fanatics, lacking the ability or the wit to  bring about change by peaceful means, can  hijack not just a plane or a country but an entire  cultural heritage and its associated religion. For  those of us in mathematics, and by extension all  scientists and engineers, the sadness is even  greater. For the culture that these fanatics claim  to represent when they set about trying to destroy  the modern world of science and technology was  in fact the cradle in which that tradition was  nurtured. As mathematicians, we are all children  of Islam.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Following the advent of Islam in the seventh century, Islamic forces attacked and conquered all of North Africa, most of the middle  East, and even parts of Western Europe, most  notably Spain. The capital of this empire,  Baghdad, was established on the Tigris River. Its location made it a natural crossroads, the place where East and West could meet. Baghdad quickly became a major cultural center.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;With the emergence of a new dynasty, the  Abbasids, in the middle of the eighth century, the  Islamic Empire started to settle down politically,  and conditions emerged in which mathematics  and science could be pursued. By and large, the  early mathematical work done by Arabic scholars was predominantly practical, and not very deep -- certainly nothing like the mathematics of the ancient Greeks a thousand years earlier. Nevertheless, the subject appears to have been viewed as important and prestigious. Early Islamic scholars imported to Baghdad books on astronomy and mathematics from India.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Early in the ninth century, the Abbasid caliphs  decided to adopt a more deliberate approach to  the cultural and intellectual growth of the empire.  They established the &lt;em&gt;House of Wisdom&lt;/em&gt;, a sort of ninth century academy of science, and started to gather together scholarly manuscripts in Greek and Sanskrit, together with scholars who could read and understand them. Over the following years, many important Greek and Indian  mathematical books were translated and  studied, leading to a new era of scientific and  mathematical creativity that was to last until the  14th century.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;One of the first Greek texts to be translated was  Euclid's &lt;em&gt;Elements&lt;/em&gt;. This had a huge  impact, and from then on the Arabic  mathematicians adopted a very Greek approach  to their mathematics, formulating theorems  precisely and proving them formally in Euclid's  style. Like Greek mathematics, which was  defined more by the common language in which  it was written and carried out, rather than the  nationality of the practitioners, Arabic  mathematics was determined largely by the  common use of Arabic by scholars of many  nationalities, not all of them Arabic or Muslim,  spread throughout the Islamic Empire.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;One of the earliest and most distinguished of the  Arabic mathematicians was the ninth century  scholar Abu Ja'far Mohammed ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, who was an astronomer to the caliph  at Baghdad. His name indicates that he was from  the town of Khwarizm (now Khiva), on the Amu  Darya river, south of the Aral Sea in what is now  Uzbekistan. (Khwarizm was part of the Silk Route,  a major trading pathway between Europe and the  East.) Al-Khwarizmi's full name can be translated  as "Father of Ja'far, Mohammed, son of Moses,  native of the town of Al-Khwarizmi".&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Al-Khwarizmi wrote several books that were to be  enormously influential. In particular, his book  describing how to write numbers and compute  with them using the place-value decimal system  that came out of India would, when  translated into Latin three hundred years later,  prove to be a major source for Europeans who  wanted to learn the new system.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In fact, Al-Khwarizmi's book on arithmetic with the  Hindu-Arabic numbers was so important, it  appears to have been translated several times.  Many translations began with the phrase "dixit  Algorismi" ("so says Al-Khwarizmi"), a practice  that led to the adoption in medieval times of the  term &lt;em&gt;algorism&lt;/em&gt; to refer to the process of  computing with the Hindu-Arabic numerals. Our  modern word "algorithm" is an obvious derivation  from that term.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Another of Al-Khwarizmi's manuscripts was  called &lt;em&gt;Kitab al jabr w'al-muqabala&lt;/em&gt;, which  translates roughly as "restoration and  compensation". The book is essentially an  algebra text. It starts off with a discussion of  quadratic equations, then goes on to some  practical geometry, followed by simple linear  equations, and ending with a long section on  how to apply mathematics to solve inheritance  problems. The Englishman Robert of Chester  translated Al-Khwarizmi's algebra book from  Arabic into Latin in 1145. The part dealing with  quadratic equations eventually became famous.  Such was the influence of this work that the  Arabic phrase &lt;em&gt;al jabr&lt;/em&gt; in the book's title  gave rise to our modern word "algebra".&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;After Al-Khwarizmi, algebra became an important  part of Arabic mathematics. Arabic  mathematicians learned to manipulate  polynomials, to solve certain algebraic equations,  and more. For modern readers, used to thinking  of algebra as the manipulation of symbols, it is  important to realize that the Arabic  mathematicians did not use symbols at all.  Everything was done in words.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;One of the most famous Arabic mathematicians  was 'Umar Al-Khayammi, known in the West as  Omar Khayyam, who lived approximately from  1048 to 1131. Although remembered today  primarily as a poet, in his time he was also  famous as a mathematician, scientist, and  philosopher, doing major work in all those  fields.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;It was largely through translations of the Arabic  texts into Latin that western Europe, freshly  emerged from the Dark Ages, kick-started its  mathematics in the tenth and subsequent  centuries.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;It was around the tenth century that "cathedral  schools" sprang up in many parts of Europe,.  Designed to train clerics, they concentrated on  the &lt;em&gt;trivium&lt;/em&gt; (grammar, logic, and rhetoric),  with more advanced students going on to the  &lt;em&gt;quadrivium&lt;/em&gt; (arithmetic, geometry, music,  and astronomy). Their creation helped  spur an increased interest in mathematics. To  fuel that interest, scholars turned to the ancient  works preserved by the Islamic culture, many of  them in Spain. For instance, Gerbert d'Aurillac  (945-1003), later to be Pope Sylvester II, visited  Spain to learn mathematics, then returned to  France where he reorganized the cathedral  school in Rhiems. He re-introduced the study of  arithmetic and geometry, taught students how to  use the counting board, and even used Hindu-Arabic numerals -- though apparently not the full place-value system we use today.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In the centuries that followed, many European  scholars spent time in Spain translating Arabic  treatises on various subjects. Latin was the  language of the European scholars, and thus the  target language for the translations. Since few  European scholar knew Arabic, however, the  translation was often done in two stages, with a  Jewish scholar living in Spain translating from  the Arabic to some common language and the  visiting scholar then translating from that  language into Latin. In the same way, many  ancient Greek texts, from Aristotle to Euclid, were  also translated into Latin, whereupon they began  to make an impact in the West.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to the translations of Al-Khwarizmi's  works, of particular note was the appearance in  1202 of Fibonacci's book &lt;em&gt;Liber abaci&lt;/em&gt;,  which described the Hindu-Arabic place-value  system for representing numbers, and explained  how to compute with them. Fibonacci's treatment  was so good that it arguably had more influence  than any other source on the eventual acceptance  of the new number system around the world, including Al-Khwarizmi's writings that had come much earlier.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;The full story of Fibonacci is a fascinating one, which I will turn to in a future column.  The point I want to make now is that it was  through translations of the Arabic texts that  western Europe was able to develop its own  mathematical traditions so rapidly, paving the  way for the scientific revolution in the seventeenth  century and thence to the scientific and  technological world we take for granted today.  Many of those Arabic texts were themselves  translations of still earlier Greek works from a  thousand years earlier.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Without the dedication and commitment to science of  the Islamic scholars of the 9th to the 14th century,  who both preserved important scientific works  and pushed forward the limits of mathematical  and scientific knowledge, it is not at all clear that  Western Europe would have become the world  leader in science and technology. And had that  not been the case, it is unlikely that the United  States (as we know it today) would have inherited  that leadership role.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;I suspect that Osama bin Laden, as an educated  man from a very wealthy family, is fully aware of  the crucial role played by Islam in the development of the West's scientific tradition. I doubt that  the same is true for the hordes who pour out into  the streets of Iraq and Pakistan in his support, to  rejoice the slaughter of men, women, and  children they have never met, living in countries  they have never visited. I doubt also that a sense  of Islam's ancient tradition of scientific scholarship and learning is possessed by the fanatical few who, at bin Laden's bidding, believe that the surest way to achieve immortal greatness in the eyes of their god is to commit mass murder as a first step towards turning back the advances in science and technology that they see as so evil,  and returning humankind to the Stone Age.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Ignorance, we used to say, is bliss. Maybe that  was once the case, although I very much doubt it.  Be that as it may, I think that the clear message of  September 11 and the events that have unfolded in the months since then, is that ignorance is dangerous,  leaving the gullible ignorant wide open to manipulation by unscrupulous and evil  individuals. It is also, as I have tried to indicate, deeply sad.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-4960275805365004010?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/4960275805365004010/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=4960275805365004010' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4960275805365004010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4960275805365004010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2009/01/mathematical-legacy-of-islam.html' title='The Mathematical Legacy of Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-7204694524108538842</id><published>2008-12-16T01:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-16T01:28:01.292-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Presentasi Islam dan Matematika</title><content type='html'>&lt;table class="my_ss_table" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign="top"&gt;&lt;td width="70"&gt;&lt;span class="green_bold2"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td width="380"&gt;                   &lt;a href="http://www.slideshare.net/chilmy/mtk1-1217507620823657-9-presentation/" style="" title="" class="blue_link_bold" target="" id=""&gt;Mtk1 1217507620823657 9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;div class="floated_left_img" align="center"&gt;   &lt;a class="thumbnail_img_link" href="http://www.slideshare.net/chilmy/mtk1-1217507620823657-9-presentation"&gt; &lt;img style="width: 276px; height: 201px;" alt="Mtk1 1217507620823657 9" src="http://cdn.slideshare.net/mtk112175076208236579-1229418144185265-1-thumbnail?1229418681" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="thumbnail_img_link" href="http://www.slideshare.net/chilmy/mtk1-1217507620823657-9-presentation"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;             Presentation Transcript           &lt;/h2&gt;           &lt;!-- google_ad_section_start(weight=0.5) --&gt;           &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 1: &lt;/strong&gt;             Presentasi ini dari penemuan-penemuan Fahmi Basya          Matematika Islam                                                               N0: 1                               (Matematika Al-Quran)                                   Membahas semua bentuk Eksakta Tempat Produksi &amp;amp; diskusi :         dalam Islam dan Al-Quran Email : fahmi_basya@hotmail.com Home page :                         Tentang Sholat Lima Waktu uk.internations.net/fahmi Pusat Study Islam &amp;amp; Kepurbakalaan Taman Alfa Indah Blok D.3 No 5. Telpon 5840128 Jakarta 11640, Indonesia.  Terima kasih atas perhatiannya, Jadilah da’i sejuta email dengan cara meemailkan ini                                 Rahasia Nama Allaahh Pengatur Yang Maha Teliti kepada orang lain.                                                                                   FAHMI BASYA                                 Terus clik kiri, berhenti dan kembali clik kanan  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 2: &lt;/strong&gt;            I. AKSIOMA                                                                              Ekspresinya sbb: Bisa dilihat di dalam Al-Quran,    Sering muncul bilangan 19     Jika anda menyuruh anak sekolah dasar  menggambar gambar tangan .Maka kalau ada    yang menggambar jari tangan sebanyak  empat, Maka anda akan mengatakan “salah”.               Mengapa salah ?.        Jawabnya :”Karena sering manusia lahir dengan 5         jari”. Jadi kata “sering telah digunakan sebagai         alasan kebenaran. Demikian juga dengan sering       munculnya bilangan berfaktor 19 di dalam Al-Quran.                               Seperti :                                                              09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27  1.      Basmalah = 19 huruf .                                01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18  2.      Surat Al-Quran = 19 x 6 surat = 114 surat           19  3.      Huruf Al-Quran = 19 x 17407 huruf = 330733 huruf         Itulah beberapa phenomena seringnya penampilan                                                                 bilangan 19 di dalam Al-Quran sebagai ASIOMA dan                                                                  pengajaran kepada manusia apa yang belum mereka  4. Walau surat 9 tidak dibuka Basmalah, jumlah                                        ketahui.   Basmalah di dalam Al-Quran tetap sebanyak  suratnya yaitu 6 x 19, karena di surat ke 27 ada                     dua buah.  Terlihat seolah Basmalah pindah dari S 9 ke S 27.                       Dia Mengajar manusia  Pemindahan ini memenuhi bilangan 19, karena                        Apa-apa yang belum mereka ketahui       dari 19 ke 27 adalah 19 buah bilangan.                        (Al-Quran, surat Al-’Alaq, ke 96 ayat 5)                                      Clik kiri kalau ingin terus, kanan kalau kembali  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 3: &lt;/strong&gt;                                                               Di dalam Al-Quran dikatakan bahwa ekspresi II. Bumi berputar = Bumi Sholat                                       sholat itu berasal dari Tuhan:          Dan ketika Yusuf berkata kepada bapaknya: “Hai            Dia Yang (ekspresikan) sholat atas kamu dan   bapakku,serungguhnya aku melihat sebelas bintang dan         malaikat Nya,Untuk mengeluarkan kamu dari  matahari dan bulan, aku lihat mereka bersujud kepadaku”      kegelapan kepada cahaya, Dan Dia sangat teliti                                                                       kepada orang-orang beriman.             (Al-Quran, surat Yusuf, ke 12 ayat 4)                      (Al-Quran, surat Al-Ahzab, ke 33 ayat 43)                                                              Kurang lebih gerak satu raka’at yang melihatkan       Karena benda langit itu bulat, jelas                 gerak berputar atau gerak 360 derajat itu ialah sbb:       gerak sujud = gerak berputar. Dan      karena tempat sholat disebut tempat                                  Gerak 1 Raka’at Sholat =360°      bersujud (masjid) maka sholat = sujud.                                                                  90°              90°                         90°      Dengan demikian Sholat = Berputar.       Jadi bumi berputar = bumi sholat.                                                 45°                         45°                                                                           90°+ 90°+ 45°+ 90°+ 45° = 360°                                                                  Jadi gerak satu raka’at itu benar    Berputar = Sholat                                           melihatkan gerak satu putaran 360°  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 4: &lt;/strong&gt;  III. Sholat Gerhana                                            Ini adalah ekspresi rukuk                                                                  dari zaman Nabi ‘Isa as :              Gerhana:     Bulan                      Bumi             garis lurus  Matahari                                                                       Kebaktian Kristen Orthodox dari Syria di                                                                   Hotel Sahid Jakarta                                                                 Penemuan ekspresi rukuk pada ummat                                                                Nasrani ini membuktikan bahwa ekspresi                                                                rukuk telah ada sejak zaman Nabi ‘Isa as.                                                                 Bahkan ibunya Maryam disuruh rukuk,                                                                     seperti disebut pada Al-Quran.       Ekspresi 2 kali rukuk pada sholat gerhana yang  diekspresikan Nabi Muhammad saw, membuktikan bahwa ada hubungan antara gerhana dengan sholat gerhana, karena  gerak 2 kali rukuk = 2x90° = 180° = Garis Lurus. Padahal Gerhana adalah segaris lurusnya Matahari Bulan dan Bumi.    “Hai Maryam patuhlah kepada Tuhan mu dan                                                              sujudlah dan rukuklah bersama orang yang                                                                                rukuk            Ini membuktikan bahwa                             (Al-Quran, surat Ali-’Imran, ke 3 ayat 43)                     rukuk = 90°  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 5: &lt;/strong&gt;IV. Sholat Wustho Coba putar 1 x roda bumi itu yang berarti satu hari satu malam. Kalau sudah tahu bumi berputar adalah sholat, tentu ada Maka terlihat kelima roda gigi itu akan berputar hubungan antara sholat dengan bumi yang berputar itu. seperti raka’at sholat yang lima waktu 24434 Orang yang cerdas seperti kamu tentu bisa membuat Bilangan gigi sholat itu tidak hanya berjumlah 19, kombinasi roda gigi antara sholat dan bumi. Pertanyaan tetapi secara satu-satu berhubungan dengan kalimat yang perlu dijawab ialah :”Berapa gigi tersedikit untuk gigi Bismillaahhirrahmaanirrahiim bumi ?” Jawabnya : “KPK dari bilangan 2. 3. 4. Karena macam raka’at sholat adalah 2. 3. 4. Nah, karena KPK dari 6 gigi 3 gigi 4 gigi 2. 3. 4 ialah 12, maka paling sedikit roda gigi yang 3 gigi 3 gigi mewakili bumi harus 12. ‘Ashar Zhuhhur tengah 3 gigi tengah 3 gigi 4x 4x Maghrib 4 huuruf 3 huruf 3 huruf 3 huruf BUMI 3x 4 gigi 6 huruf kita langung bisa tahu sholat yang tengah (wustho), yaitu sholat ‘Ashar. Shubuh 12 gigi ‘Isya’ 6 gigi 2x 1x 4x 3 gigi Peliharalah atas sholat-sholat dan sholat yang tengah (wustho) dan berdirilah untuk Allaahh dengan tekun (Al-Quran, surat Al-Baqarah, ke 2, ayat 238) 6 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 = 19 Itulah penemuan sholat wustho secara Ilmu Pasti (‘ilmul yaqin) &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 6: &lt;/strong&gt;      V.Sholat DIJAMAK     Kalau sholat shubuh bisa dijamak dengan sholat                 Phenomena ini jadi satu   zhuhhur, memang enak. Tetapi mengapa sholat ‘ashar          pengetahuan bagi kita betapa Nabi tidak boleh dijamak dengan sholat maghrib ?. Jawabnya:          Muhammad SAW benar dalam                                                                mengekspresikan sunnahnya, dan                        zhuhhur ‘ashar                                                               dapat dibuktikan di kemudian hari.                                            maghrib            Hal itu karena apa yang dikatakan        shubuh                                                                 Nabi bukanlah dari hhawanya,                                                      ‘Isya’   tetapi wahyu yang dikirim, seperti                                                               disebut pada surat An-Najmu ayat                                                                            3 dan 4.      Jamak ‘Isya dan Maghrib ~ Bismillah, tulisan ini benar. Jamak ‘Ashar dan Zhuhhur ~ Ar-Rahman, tulisan ini benar.  Kalau maghrib dan ‘Ashar, yang terjadi tulisan Allaahh       Alif Lam Ra. Tulisan ini tidak pernah ada.               Dan tidak ia katakan dari hhawanya, tidak                                                                  dia melainkan wahyu yang dikirim.    Shubuh memang tidak pernah dijamak ke                       (Al-Quran, surat An-Najmu ke 53 ayat 3-4)       mana-mana karena telah lengkap        berhubungan dengan Ar-Rahim  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 7: &lt;/strong&gt; VI. Bilangan 31                                              Kesimpulan :           BUMI ~ 12                                                                Pada surat Ar-Rahman ditandai Di dalam surat Ar-Rahman (ke 55) diulang 31 kali ayat ini :                                                                bumi sampai kiamat dengan                                                                bilangan 12     Akhirat ~ 19                                                                Dan Akhirat dengan bilangan 19        “Maka ayat kebesaran Rabbi kamu       yang mana, kamu hendak dustakan ?”                                              12 + 19 = 31        (Al-Quran, surat Ar-Rahman, ke 55 ayat 38)              Bilangan 12+19 = 31 pada surat Ar-Rahman                                                                    itu kita temukan pada roda gigi tadi         Ayat 38 ini pengulangan yang ke 12,                              3                3      sebelumnya ayat 37 menyatakan Kiamat.                                                                                              4                                                                                 12                                                                     6                        3       “Maka ketika pecah langit, maka jadilah dia               seperti mawar yang merah                          Gigi sholat : 6 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 3 = 19       (Al-Quran, surat Ar-Rahman, ke 55 ayat 37)                                                                             dan Bumi = 12                        Demikian matematika islam matematika Al-Quran                          membicarakan tentang sholat lima waktu  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slide 8: &lt;/strong&gt;Syaraf yang keluar dari tulang belakang   Dan sungguh kami telah menciptakan manusia, dan kami Umumnya 31 pasang dan 12 diantaranya       mengetahui apa yang dibisikkan oleh dirinya, dan kami      Keluar dari tulang punggung                 lebih dekat kepadanya dari urat lehernya.                                                    (Al-Quran, surat Qof, ke 50 ayat 16)       Kalau roda gigi sholat kita    pasangkan ke tulang belakang   ini, tentunya tulang leher yang 7    berpasangan dengan roda gigi                                                                                     7       ‘Isyaa’ dan Maghrib yang              berjumlah 7.     Zhuhhur   di zhuhhur  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-7204694524108538842?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/7204694524108538842/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=7204694524108538842' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7204694524108538842'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7204694524108538842'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/12/mtk1-1217507620823657-9.html' title='Presentasi Islam dan Matematika'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-4688163061295809602</id><published>2008-12-16T00:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-16T01:21:54.410-08:00</updated><title type='text'>islam dan matematika</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;" class="post-title entry-title"&gt; &lt;a href="http://albi4ever.blogspot.com/2007/05/islam-dan-matematika.html"&gt;&lt;span style="display: block;" id="formatbar_Buttons"&gt;&lt;span class="" style="display: block;" id="formatbar_JustifyFull" title="Rata Penuh" onmouseover="ButtonHoverOn(this);" onmouseout="ButtonHoverOff(this);" onmouseup="" onmousedown="CheckFormatting(event);FormatbarButton('richeditorframe', this, 13);ButtonMouseDown(this);"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif" alt="Rata Penuh" class="gl_align_full" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Matematika tidak hanya memiliki nilai kebenaran bukti tapi juga nilai keindahan yang agung. Saya kagum dengan ungkapan Bertrand Russel mengenai matematika: “suatu keindahan, bagai ukiran, tanpa memohon belas kasih bantuan alam, tanpa keindahan musik yang menjerat dan memikat, keindahannya murni dan agung, mampu menuju kesempurnaan, sungguh merupakan seni teragung yang pernah dimiliki oleh seni itu sendiri”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"&gt; Kemudian saya tertegun dengan komentar St Augustine, pemikir Kristen terkemuka abad pertengahan: “pemeluk Kristen yang baik dan taat harus menghindari ahli matematika. Bahaya besar telah tiba karena para ahli matematika telah mengadakan akad dengan setan untuk menggelapkan jiwa manusia dan mengurungnya dalam ikatan neraka”.&lt;br /&gt;Tak kalah garang, para hakim agung Roma membuat slogan hukum: ”dalam mempelajari geometri, ilmu yang tercela dan terkutuk seperti matematika adalah HARAM hukumnya”.&lt;br /&gt;Dua belas abad kemudian, Ahmad Sirhindi menjuluki ahli matematika sebagai orang idiot dan para pemujanya lebih tolol dan hina karena dia mengira bahwa matematika dan mempelajari matematika tidak ada manfaatnya untuk kehidupan manusia kelak di akhirat nanti.&lt;br /&gt;Kecaman keras terhadap matematika ini terjadi pada zaman medieval yang terkenal obscure, dogmatic dan irrasional. George Sarton membagi History of Science dalam beberapa zaman, setiap zaman berasosiasi pada seorang pemikir ternama, dan berakhir pada setiap setengah abad. Dari 450 BC sampai 400 BC adalah era Plato, dari 400 sampai 350 BC adalah era Aristotle dan seterusnya.&lt;br /&gt;750 M sampai 1100 M adalah merupakan zaman dimana dalam kurun 350 tahun secara keseluruhan peradaban dan ilmu didominasi oleh dunia Islam, zaman yang tak terkalahkan secara berturut-turut muncul nama-nama dari Jabir, al-Khawarizmi, ar-Razi, al-Mas’udi, al-Wafa, al-Biruni dan Umar Khayyam. Dan hanya setelah abad ke-11 M barulah muncul nama-nama seperti Gerard dan Roger Bacon. Tapi kehormatan atas ilmu masih disandang ulama-ulama Muslim dalam kurun dua abad berikutnya yaitu Ibn Rushd, Nashiruddin at Thusi dan Ibnu Nafis.&lt;br /&gt;Namun setelah 1350 M umat Islam tenggelam dalam samudra dogmatis yang hanya menelurkan beberapa ilmuwan handal pada abad 15 M.&lt;br /&gt;Sejarah mengungkapkan fakta bahwa scientific brilliance selalu dibarengi dengan perkembangan matematika. Pada kenyataanya penemuan-penemuan matematik telah memuluskan jalan menuju kemajuan spektakuler dalam sejarah ilmu dan teknologi. Tidak ada satu negarapun yang pernah mencapai kesuksesannya tanpa penguasaan matematika. Ketika umat Islam mendominasi dunia sains, mereka sangat hebat dalam matematika.&lt;br /&gt;Musa al khawarizmi (780-850 M) merupakan salah satu dari scientific minds of Islam, yang mempunyai pengaruh dalam pemikiran matematika lebih dari ilmuwan abad pertengahan manapun. Dia tidak hanya menyusun buku aritmetika namun juga tabel-tabel astronomi. Magnum opusnya hisab al jabr wa-l-muqabalah telah diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa latin dan digunakan selama empat abad sebagai buku panduan utama dalam mata kuliah aljabar di universitas-universitas terkemuka di seluruh Eropa.&lt;br /&gt;Dengan mengenalkan jumlah yang tidak diketahui kemudian menemukannya, aljabar menjadi the open-sesame untuk berbagai penemuan; the be-all dan end-all dari semua ilmu sains.&lt;br /&gt;Penyair ternama; dan juga ahli matematika yang handal Omar Khayyam (1048-1122 M) dan Nashiruddin at Thusi (1201-1274 M) menunjukkan bahwa setiap besaran rasio, yang sepadan maupun tidak, adalah bilangan, rasional maupun irrasional. Dan teori tersebut kemudian secara pelan dan lambat menuju kesempurnaannya disaat bermulanya zaman renaissance di Eropa.&lt;br /&gt;Iqbal, pemikir kenamaan asal Pakistan memuji at Thusi Karena telah melontarkan pertanyaan terhadap the uclidean postulate atas pararelism. Omar khayyam merupakan ilmuwan pertama yang membuktikan bilangan dari teori non-euclidean geometry yang nantinya ditemukan oleh Lobchersky, Riemann dan Gauss secara terpisah selama pertengahan abad 19 M.&lt;br /&gt;Omar Khayyam telah mendahului sejak 7 abad sebelum mereka, yang mana dikemudian hari, Einstein menggunakan the non-euclidean geometry untuk mengantarkannya pada “dunia baru” dalam bidang sains. Tidak ada petunjuk dan rumusan yang tidak dipecahkan oleh Umar Khayyam. Beliau juga mulai menggunakan grafik untuk mengkombinasi aljabar dan geometri untuk membuktikan persamaan kubik.&lt;br /&gt;Pasti akan selalu diingat bahwasanya seorang jenius bernama Descartes yang kemudian memperagakan the tour de force dari kombinasi aljabar dan geometri, bersamaan dengan penemuan filsafat barunya dengan diktumnya yang terkenal: “cogito ergo sum”.&lt;br /&gt;Belum ada lagi pemikir dunia Muslim yang mengikuti jejak Umar Khayyam dan menguatkan rasionalism, karena Imam Ghazali telah “terlanjur” menulis tahafutul falasifah. Memang, Ibnu Rushd kemudian juga menulis tahafut tahafut. Namun sayangnya dunia Muslim menolaknya, sebaliknya orang Eropa berebut mengambilnya. Orang Eropa menjadi averoist; pengikut setia Ibn Rushd.&lt;br /&gt;Al Biruni sukses dengan the idea of function, yang mana menurut Spengler, adalah simbol barat yang mana tidak ada peradaban lain yang bisa memberikannya walaupun hanya sekedar petunjuk dan gambaran. The idea of function yang dilontarkan al-Biruni mengenalkan konsep inter-dependence dan movement, melihat dunia sebagai sebuah kumpulan proses inter-dependence.&lt;br /&gt;Konsep ini merupakan konsep dialektik. Namun lagi-lagi disayangkan bahwa umat Islam tidak bisa mengembangkan embrio yang brilliant tersebut, dan akhirnya konsep tersebut berhibernasi selama berabad-abad karena umat Islam terbuai dalam lantunan ninabobo dogmatism dan irrationalism. Embrio tersebut baru muncul dan lahir kembali tatkala tersentuh oleh peradaban barat, sungguh ironis. Ide yang dinamis tidak akan pernah maju dalam lingkungan masyarakat yang statis!.&lt;br /&gt;Akhirnya pada abad ke 17 M secara tragis namun desisif , supremasi sains berputar “melawan” dunia Muslim, sungguh sayang……..&lt;br /&gt;Geometri Descartes diterbitkan pada tahun 1637 M. Ahmad Sirhindi meninggal pada tahun 1624 M, namun dia sudah terlanjur mengutuk matematika dengan ungkapan yang tegas dan lugas. Dengan mengecam matematika, kita telah melangkah jauh keluar dari parade barisan ilmu sains dan teknologi.&lt;br /&gt;Seperdelapan dari ayat-ayat al-qur’an menekankan tadabbur, tafakkur dan ta’aqqul. Implikasinya adalah bahwasanya al-quran menjunjung tinggi supremasi akal. Tatkala kita menolak akal dengan mudah kita akan menjadi korban obscurantism dan dogmatism. Worldview kita masih medieval. Islam telah menjalani transformasi dari revolusi aljabar menuju stagnasi aritmetik.&lt;br /&gt;Tidak akan pernah berkembang matematika dan ilmu sains serta teknologi kecuali apabila dan hingga weltanshauung (worldview, red.) kita telah bersandar pada asas tafakkur tadabbur dan menjadikan ta’aqqul sebagai penjaga “pintu masuk” dunia Islam.&lt;br /&gt;Islam bukanlah sistem yang tertutup sebagaimana pandangan kaum orthodox. Karena hal tersebut malah akan mencoreng citra Islam sebagai agama yang universal “rahmatan lil ‘alamin”. Islam adalah keimanan dimana Tuhan menyediakan manusia sesuatu yang baru, pada tiap paginya, “sarapan” yang bisa menjadi problem solving bagi berbagai permasalah-permasalahan baru yang muncul saat itu.&lt;br /&gt;Sebagaimana yang telah tertera dalam al-quran, setiap masa memiliki kemuliaanya. Dan pada akhirnya, Islam telah menghubungkan dirinya kepada keagungan Tuhan dan diakhir yang lain kepada diversity of humankind (keberagaman manusia). Disini, pluralisme adalah merupakan kekuatan dinamisnya. Wallahu a’lam. For our next scientists; where are thou!(albi) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-4688163061295809602?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/4688163061295809602/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=4688163061295809602' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4688163061295809602'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/4688163061295809602'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/12/islam-dan-matematika.html' title='islam dan matematika'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-2789638759254377657</id><published>2008-12-14T01:49:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-14T01:49:55.584-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Alternative</title><content type='html'>dfgndhym&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-2789638759254377657?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/2789638759254377657/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=2789638759254377657' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2789638759254377657'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/2789638759254377657'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/12/alternative.html' title='Alternative'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-5502593267300669498</id><published>2008-12-14T01:48:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-14T01:49:28.925-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematic Logic</title><content type='html'>sdfgsdhtfj&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-5502593267300669498?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/5502593267300669498/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=5502593267300669498' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/5502593267300669498'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/5502593267300669498'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/12/mathematic-logic.html' title='Mathematic Logic'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-7388254686430434172</id><published>2008-12-14T01:48:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-14T01:48:47.483-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Any Way</title><content type='html'>dynhtyh&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-7388254686430434172?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/7388254686430434172/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=7388254686430434172' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7388254686430434172'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/7388254686430434172'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/12/any-way.html' title='Any Way'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-1555259544594546772</id><published>2008-12-14T01:48:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-14T01:48:28.261-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematic Street</title><content type='html'>gfdgfjjklmlk&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-1555259544594546772?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/1555259544594546772/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=1555259544594546772' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/1555259544594546772'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/1555259544594546772'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/12/mathematic-street.html' title='Mathematic Street'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-6414969199987499400</id><published>2008-11-28T02:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-28T02:06:08.870-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematics and Islam</title><content type='html'>Modern mathematics owes much of its existence to Islam.&lt;br /&gt;Islamic mathematicians of the middle ages developed many of the fundamental cornerstones of modern mathematics. The word algebra comes from the Arabic al-jabr, "restoration". The field of algebra was developed by Muslim mathematicians in the Middle East and India.&lt;br /&gt;Algorithms, the processes of mathematics and computer science, are named after the great Arabic mathematician al-Khwarizmi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Prophet Mohammed enjoined Muslims to seek learning. The enlightened cultural traditions of Islam ensured that the mathematical works of previous cultures, such as the ancient Greeks, were preserved rather than destroyed. Euclid's geometry is only known to us because it was preserved in Arabic by Muslim scholars.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our modern number system is called Hindu-Arabic in recognition of its origins in the number systems of India and Arabia. Our number system depends fundamentally on the number 0 (zero) which was invented by Arab mathematicians. A numeral is sometimes called a cipher (hence encipher, decipher) from the Arabic word sifr meaning zero.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For more information, see&lt;br /&gt;Keith Devlin's essay &lt;a href="http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_0708_02.html"&gt;The Mathematical Legacy of Islam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Horace Mann's page of weblinks on &lt;a href="http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/islam/nbLinks/Islam_Science_Math.html"&gt;Science and Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Cultures&lt;/a&gt; for high school students&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Author: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~adrian/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Adrian Baddeley&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, University of Western Australia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-6414969199987499400?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/6414969199987499400/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=6414969199987499400' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/6414969199987499400'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/6414969199987499400'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/11/mathematics-and-islam.html' title='Mathematics and Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-8098160746227337023</id><published>2008-11-28T01:57:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-28T02:01:58.939-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathematics in medieval Islam</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In the history of mathematics, Islamic mathematics or Arabic mathematics refers to the &lt;a title="Mathematics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"&gt;mathematics&lt;/a&gt; developed in the &lt;a title="Muslim world" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"&gt;Islamic world&lt;/a&gt; between &lt;a title="622" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/622"&gt;622&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="1600" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600"&gt;1600&lt;/a&gt;, in the part of the world where &lt;a title="Islam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"&gt;Islam&lt;/a&gt; was the dominant religious and cultural influence, and &lt;a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"&gt;Arabic&lt;/a&gt; was the dominant language of scholarship. &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science"&gt;Islamic science&lt;/a&gt; and mathematics flourished under the Islamic &lt;a title="Caliph" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"&gt;caliphate&lt;/a&gt; (also known as the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Empire"&gt;Islamic Empire&lt;/a&gt;) established across the &lt;a title="Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"&gt;Middle East&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Central Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"&gt;Central Asia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"&gt;North Africa&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Sicily" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"&gt;Sicily&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a title="Iberian Peninsula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"&gt;Iberian Peninsula&lt;/a&gt;, and in parts of &lt;a title="France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt; in the 8th century. The center of Islamic mathematics was located in present-day &lt;a title="Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"&gt;Iraq&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Iran" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"&gt;Iran&lt;/a&gt;, but at its greatest extent stretched from &lt;a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"&gt;Turkey&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"&gt;North Africa&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt; in the west, to &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt; in the east.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;While most scientists in this period were &lt;a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"&gt;Muslims&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"&gt;Arabic&lt;/a&gt; was the dominant language—much like &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"&gt;Latin&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe"&gt;Medieval Europe&lt;/a&gt;, Arabic was used as the written language of scholars throughout the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world"&gt;Islamic world&lt;/a&gt; at the time—contributions were made by people of different ethnic groups (&lt;a title="Arab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"&gt;Arabs&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Persian people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"&gt;Persians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Berber people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people"&gt;Berbers&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Moors" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"&gt;Moors&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Turkic peoples" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"&gt;Turks&lt;/a&gt;) and sometimes different religions (&lt;a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"&gt;Muslims&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Christian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"&gt;Christians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Jew" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"&gt;Jews&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Sabian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabian"&gt;Sabians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Zoroastrianism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"&gt;Zoroastrians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Irreligion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"&gt;irreligious&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics#cite_note-1"&gt;[&lt;/a&gt;In the history of mathematics, Islamic mathematics or Arabic mathematics refers to the &lt;a title="Mathematics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"&gt;mathematics&lt;/a&gt; developed in the &lt;a title="Muslim world" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"&gt;Islamic world&lt;/a&gt; between &lt;a title="622" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/622"&gt;622&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="1600" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600"&gt;1600&lt;/a&gt;, in the part of the world where &lt;a title="Islam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"&gt;Islam&lt;/a&gt; was the dominant religious and cultural influence, and &lt;a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"&gt;Arabic&lt;/a&gt; was the dominant language of scholarship. &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science"&gt;Islamic science&lt;/a&gt; and mathematics flourished under the Islamic &lt;a title="Caliph" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"&gt;caliphate&lt;/a&gt; (also known as the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Empire"&gt;Islamic Empire&lt;/a&gt;) established across the &lt;a title="Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"&gt;Middle East&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Central Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"&gt;Central Asia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"&gt;North Africa&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Sicily" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"&gt;Sicily&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a title="Iberian Peninsula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"&gt;Iberian Peninsula&lt;/a&gt;, and in parts of &lt;a title="France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt; in the 8th century. The center of Islamic mathematics was located in present-day &lt;a title="Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"&gt;Iraq&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Iran" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"&gt;Iran&lt;/a&gt;, but at its greatest extent stretched from &lt;a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"&gt;Turkey&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"&gt;North Africa&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt; in the west, to &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt; in the east.&lt;br /&gt;While most scientists in this period were &lt;a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"&gt;Muslims&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"&gt;Arabic&lt;/a&gt; was the dominant language—much like &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"&gt;Latin&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe"&gt;Medieval Europe&lt;/a&gt;, Arabic was used as the written language of scholars throughout the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world"&gt;Islamic world&lt;/a&gt; at the time—contributions were made by people of different ethnic groups (&lt;a title="Arab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"&gt;Arabs&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Persian people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"&gt;Persians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Berber people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people"&gt;Berbers&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Moors" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"&gt;Moors&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Turkic peoples" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"&gt;Turks&lt;/a&gt;) and sometimes different religions (&lt;a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"&gt;Muslims&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Christian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"&gt;Christians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Jew" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"&gt;Jews&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a class="mw-redirect" title="Sabian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabian"&gt;Sabians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Zoroastrianism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"&gt;Zoroastrians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Irreligion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"&gt;irreligious&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-8098160746227337023?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/8098160746227337023/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=8098160746227337023' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/8098160746227337023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/8098160746227337023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/11/mathematics-in-medieval-islam.html' title='Mathematics in medieval Islam'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-559543625412948461.post-5348106025956529960</id><published>2008-11-28T01:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-28T01:57:09.746-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Matematika dalam Bingkai Keislaman</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Matematika oleh sebagian orang lebih banyak dikenal sebagai disiplin ilmu yang tidak memiliki kaitan dengan keislaman (baca: al-Qur’an). Banyak pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa matematika merupakan ilmu yang dihasilkan oleh orang-orang Barat sehingga di dalamnya jauh dari nilai-nilai spiritual. Bahkan, ada juga pihak instansi/lembaga pendidikan “Islam” yang tidak membolehkan matematika untuk diajarkan kepada anak didiknya. Inilah sekilas fakta yang masih menjangkiti masyarakat di sekeliling kita. Benarkah statemen yang demikian?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Abdusysyakir melalui buku ini seolah-olah ingin meng-counter pelbagai pendapat yang “kurang sehat” di atas. Berdasarkan hasil refleksi, perenungan, kajian, analisis, dan diskusi-diskusinya, ia telah menemukan aspek baru -yang mungkin selama ini tidak banyak diperhatikan oleh orang lain- dalam matematika, terutama yang berhubungan dengan model pembelajaran matematika. Menurutnya, sesungguhnya matematika itu memiliki hubungan yang sangat erat dengan tradisi spiritual umat Islam, akrab dengan al-Qur’an, dan tentunya matematika juga dapat dijadikan sebagai “jalan” menuju pencapaian manfaat-kebahagiaan baik di dunia maupun akhirat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Matematika berada pada posisi di antara dunia nyata dan dunia ghaib. Matematika tidak berada di dunia nyata sehingga objek matematika bersifat abstrak dan tidak berada di dunia ghaib sehingga objek matematika bukan suatu “penampakan”. Membawa objek dunia nyata ke dalam bahasa matematika disebut dengan abstraksi dan mewujudkan matematika dalam dunia nyata disebut aplikasi. Matematika berada di antara dunia syahadah dan ghaibiyah. Dengan demikian, maka matematika bersifat “setengah nyata dan setengah gaib”. Untuk memahami objek yang nyata diperlukan pendekatan rasionalis, empiris, dan logis (bayani dan burhani). Sedangkan untuk memahami objek yang gaib diperlukan pendekatan intuitif, imajinatif, dan metafisis (irfani). Kekuatan utama dalam matematika justru terletak pada imajinasi atau intuisi yang kemudian diterima setelah dibuktikan secara logis atau deduktif. Dengan demikian, maka untuk mempelajari matematika perlu penggabungan ketiga pendekatan tersebut, yaitu bayani, burhani, dan ‘irfani (hlm. 22).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dengan demikian, matematika perlu dipelajari dengan kedua potensi kita, jasmani dan ruhani, aql dan qalb secara bersamaan. Qalb saja memang dapat mempelajari matematika, tetapi kadang tidak dapat memberikan penjelasan yang logis dan rasional. Qalb dapat menjawab 3 + 4 = 7, tetapi kadang tidak dapat menjawab mengapa bisa 7. Aql saja dapat mempelajari matematika, tetapi kadang terlalu lama dalam berpikir dan tidak dapat menangkap hakikat (hlm. 34). Belajar matematika perlu melibatkan potensi intelektual, emosional, dan spiritual secara bersamaan. Perlu penggunaan aql dan qalb secara bersama, melalui jalur jasmani (kasab) dan juga jalur ruhani (kasyaf). Aspek pengembangan kemampuan berpikir (kognitif), sikap (afektif), dan prilaku (psikomotor) dalam belajar matematika dapat tercapai dengan baik dengan paradigma ulul albab. Potensi dzikir untuk mengembangkan aspek afektif dan fikir untuk mengembangkan aspek kognitif agar menghasilkan amal sholeh (psikomotor). Belajar matematika yang abstrak, yang memerlukan kemampuan pikir dan imajinasi dapat dilakukan dengan paradigma ulul albab yang menggunakan pendekatan rasionalis, empiris, dan logis (bayani dan burhani) sekaligus pendekatan intuitif, imajinatif, dan metafisis (irfani) (hlm. 37).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Pada bagian kedua, penulis mengurai tentang aspek-aspek matematika yang termaktub dalam al-Qur’an. Penulis ingin membuktikan bahwa ternyata di dalam al-Qur’an itu juga membicarakan konsep–konsep matematika. Hal ini akan dapat mematahkan “kepercayaan” sebagian orang yang meyakini bahwa matematika itu produk Barat. Konsep yang dipaparkan di antaranya mengenai: konsep himpunan, bilangan, pengukuran, statistika, estimasi, dan keajaiban-keajaiban matematika lainnya yang tersurat dalam al-Qur’an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Pembahasan yang menarik dan unik, tetapi tidak banyak orang yang menyentuhnya adalah kajian tentang upaya memetik hikmah (makna tersirat) di balik konsep-konsep abstraksi yang ada dalam matematika. Atau dengan bahasa penulis buku ini adalah memahami konsep matematika dalam konteks keislaman. Isi bagian ini di antaranya adalah kajian matematika untuk menjelaskan posisi manusia dan keberadaan sesuatu yang lain di atas dimensi manusia; analisis angka dalam gerakan shalat; pengambilan perumpamaan dari bilangan-bilangan sehingga disajikan dua jenis manusia, yaitu manusia asli dan manusia prima. Pendek kata, bagian ketiga ini, penulis sebenarnya ingin memberikan gambaran bahwa matematika dapat dijadikan sumber pelajaran dalam rangka menapaki hidup menuju ridha-Nya (hlm. vii).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dengan upaya pemaknaan secara “Islami” inilah diharapkan dapat mengobati “luka” lama umat Islam terhadap “sakit apatisme” pada matematika yang selama ini telah menjangkitinya. Akibatnya akan muncul gerakan “Sadar Matematika” di dunia ini, sehingga kejayaan dan peradaban Islam akan dapat dicapai kembali. Sudah saatnya, dewasa ini umat Islam mampu berkompetisi secara sehat dalam percaturan di dunia global. Sudah tidak ada alasan lagi untuk menolak kehadiran kecanggihan informasi dan teknologi. Tetapi, satu hal yang perlu diingat bahwa semua yang kita tekuni harus tetap berporos terhadap landasan al-Qur’an dan hadits. Maka, kebahagiaan dunia akhirat dapat kita capai secara bersama-sama.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Buku ini, sungguh benar-benar diharapkan dapat menjadi obat mujarab bagi kesembuhan penyakit apatisme umat Islam terhadap ilmu matematika (atau ilmu-ilmu sains lainnya). Bagi umat Islam, khususnya pengajar matematika, siswa, mahasiswa, santri, dan lainnya sangat diharapkan untuk dapat membaca, mempelajari, memahami, lalu mengamalkan pesan-pesan matematika yang tersirat dalam al-Qur’an sebagaimana yang telah dipaparkan secara detail oleh penulis dalam buku ini. Semoga akan segera hadir, buku-buku lainnya yang terintegrasi antara sains dan agama. (*)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="quickedit" title="Edit" onclick="'return" href="http://www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=1690074039211867353&amp;amp;widgetType=BlogArchive&amp;amp;widgetId=BlogArchive1&amp;amp;action=editWidget" target="configBlogArchive1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a class="quickedit" title="Edit" onclick="'return" href="http://www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=1690074039211867353&amp;amp;widgetType=Profile&amp;amp;widgetId=Profile1&amp;amp;action=editWidget" target="configProfile1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/559543625412948461-5348106025956529960?l=islamnmatematic.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/feeds/5348106025956529960/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=559543625412948461&amp;postID=5348106025956529960' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/5348106025956529960'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/559543625412948461/posts/default/5348106025956529960'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://islamnmatematic.blogspot.com/2008/11/matematika-oleh-sebagian-orang-lebih.html' title='Matematika dalam Bingkai Keislaman'/><author><name>Drs. Chilmiy</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10006842995623210477</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YIQycBBVyto/Si9ifWPtEfI/AAAAAAAAAFI/DuGnIPrcUoU/S220/ship.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
